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| Journal Information Journal ID (publisher-id): jgi ISSN: 1910-7595 Publisher: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health | Article Information The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Received Day: 14 Month: December Year: 2012 Accepted Day: 14 Month: June Year: 2014 Publication date: October 2014 First Page: 1 Last Page: 10 Publisher Id: jgi.2014.29.3 DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2014.29.3 |
| Is “pop-up” messaging in online slot machine gambling effective as a responsible gambling strategy? | |
| 1neccton, Vienna, Austria | |
| 2Österreichische Lotterien GmbH, Vienna, Austria | |
| 3Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK | |
| This article was peer-reviewed. All URLs were available at the time of submission. For correspondence: Michael Auer, neccton, Davidgasse 5, 7052 Muellendorf, Austria. Tel: 0043 650 4783160 www.neccton.com, E-mail: m.auer @neccton.com Competing interests: No competing interests. Ethics approval: Not required for this paper. Funding: No funding to report. Contributors: Michael Auer is a PhD student at Nottingham Trent University. For this article, he performed data analysis. He also wrote the principal parts of the article along with Professor Griffiths. Dr. Griffiths is Auer's PhD supervisor and provided input to the data analysis and re-writing of the manuscript. Doris Malischnig is working for the online operator that provided the data for this analysis. She also conceived the idea for this research. Michael Auer, a director of neccton ltd., is an established expert in gaming and responsible gaming. He is a frequent presenter globally at both universities and responsible gaming conferences. He has published numerous important studies in peer reviewed journals about the effectivenes of responsible gaming features. Michael Auer is also an expert in the developement of software in the field of responsible gaming, and has developed an excellent overview of developments throughout the world in the field. Through work with principal members of the gambling industry Michael Auer remains deeply familiar with the responsible gaming framework. Doris Malischnig is a qualified clinical psychologist and Head of the Prevention Department at the Casinos Austria/Austrian Lotteries Group. In this capacity, she is responsible for the development, implementation and assessment of responsible gaming training for all staff, as well as for the group-wide appraisal and update of responsible gaming measures and policies, for crisis intervention and for the evaluation of the established preventive measures. Ms. Malischnig is a regular speaker at national and international industry congresses and lectures at all university-level responsible gaming courses in Austria. Mark Griffiths is a Chartered Psychologist, Professor of Gambling Studies and Director of the International Gaming Research Unit at Nottingham Trent University. He is internationally known for his work on gambling and gaming addictions. Professor Griffiths has published over 450 research papers, three books, more than 120 book chapters and over 1000 other articles. He has also served on numerous national and international committees, among them the British Psychological Society (BPS) Council, the BPS Social Psychology Section, the Society for the Study of Gambling, the Gamblers Anonymous General Services Board and the National Council on Gambling. He is a former National Chair of Gamcare. | |
Certain gambling operators now provide social responsibility tools to help players gamble more responsibly. One such innovation is the use of pop-up messages that aim to give feedback to the players about the time and money they have thus far spent gambling. Most studies of this innovation have been conducted in laboratory settings, and although controlled studies are indeed more reliable than real-world studies, the non-ecological validity of laboratory studies is still an issue. This study investigated the effects of a slot machine pop-up message in a real gambling environment by comparing the behavioural tracking data of two representative random samples of 400,000 gambling sessions before and after the pop-up message was introduced. The study comprised approximately 200,000 gamblers. The results indicated that, following the viewing of a pop-up message after 1000 consecutive gambles on an online slot machine game, nine times more gamblers ceased their gambling session than did those gamblers who had not viewed the message. The data suggest that pop-up messages can influence a small number of gamblers to cease their playing session, and that pop-ups appear to be another potentially helpful social responsibility tool in reducing excessive play within session.
Certains opérateurs de jeu proposent aujourd'hui des ressources visant à inciter les usagers à jouer de façon plus responsable. Parmi les innovations, on compte les messages flash destinés à indiquer le temps passé à jouer ou l'argent qu'on a dépensé. La plupart des recherches sur le sujet ont été réalisées en laboratoire; même si elles sont plus fiables que les études menées sur le terrain, leur validité écologique reste à déterminer. Nous avons étudié l'effet d'un message flash sur une machine à sous dans un environnement de jeu réel. Nous avons comparé les données sur le comportement recueillies avant et après l'apparition du message à l'écran, auprès de deux échantillons représentatifs aléatoires totalisant 400 000 séances de jeu (environ 200 000 joueurs). Les joueurs qui ont vu un message apparaître au bout de 1000 jeux consécutifs sur une machine à sous en ligne ont été neuf fois plus nombreux à interrompre leur séance de jeu par rapport à ceux qui n'en ont pas reçu. D'après ces résultats, les messages flash inciteraient un petit nombre de joueurs à mettre fin à leur séance de jeu. Ils pourraient ainsi constituer un autre moyen de responsabilisation utile pour réduire le jeu excessif à l'intérieur d'une même séance.
IntroductionInnovative interactive gambling technologies now provide socially responsible opportunities to support players and to help them control the amount and time and money they spend gambling (Auer & Griffiths, 2013; Griffiths, 2012; Griffiths, Wood, & Parke, 2009). One such innovation is the use of pop-up messages that aim to give feedback to the players about the time and money that they have thus far spent gambling. Doing so allows players to reflect on their immediate gambling and decide if they need a break from their play. However, the question remains as to whether pop-up messages do in fact bring about a substantial effect on gambling behaviour and whether they indeed help players control their gambling.
Slot machine games are associated with problem gambling and are considered potentially dangerous for vulnerable and susceptible players such as minors, problem gamblers, and the intoxicated. Slots players can experience erroneous perceptions of their immediate situation and become dissociated from their immediate actions (Griffiths, Wood, J. Parke, & A. Parke, 2006; Jacobs, 1988). This abandonment of self-control leading to a state of disassociation may lead in turn to those excessive playing sessions that have already been observed in both real-life settings (e.g., Griffiths, 1991) and ecologically valid experiments (e.g., Griffiths, 1994).
Among slot machine players, studies have reported that static informative messages were no more effective in influencing player cognitions than were static warning signs without further informative content (i.e., Monaghan, Blaszczynski, & Nower, 2009; Monaghan & Blaszczynski, 2010). These studies also reported that dynamic messages were recalled more often than were static messages, and that messages encouraging self-appraisal resulted in significantly greater effect on self-reported thoughts and behaviours during gambling. Thus, message content and how that content is displayed both appear to play critical roles in subsequent player behaviour.
Gallagher, Nicki, Otteson, and Elliott (2011) reported that faulty gambling beliefs decreased, in both problem and non-problem video lottery terminal (VLT) gambling gamblers, as a result of exposure to a warning banner. This banner informed players of the randomness of outcomes of VLT games. Wohl, Christie, Matheson, and Anisman (2010) showed that animated educational information on slot machines can be an effective way to increase user adherence to maintain predetermined monetary spending limits. Stewart and Wohl (2013) demonstrated that participants who received a monetary limit pop-up reminder were significantly more likely to adhere to monetary limits than participants who did not. Wohl, Gainsbury, Stewart, and Sztainert (in press) simultaneously investigated two responsible gambling tools that targeted adherence to monetary limits among 72 electronic gaming machine (EGM) gamblers. Those tools comprised an animation-based educational video (used previously by Wohl et al., 2010) and a pop-up message. To investigate the effect of the pop-up window, gamblers were required to set a monetary limit on their gambling; half the participants were informed via a pop-up message when they had reached their limit. The goal of the study was to investigate both the single and additive effects in addition to possible linear or non-linear interactions. Consistent with previous findings, both responsible gaming tools achieved the single effects they were intended to do. More specifically, the findings showed that a pop-up limit reminder helped gamblers stay within their pre-determined monetary limits. However, there was no additive effect, meaning that the adherence to the preset limit did not improve for players who received the pop-up window in addition to the animation-based educational information.
To date, most studies on pop-up messaging have mainly been conducted in laboratory settings, although some research has in fact been conducted in venues (Monaghan, 2008). The present study investigated the effects of a pop-up message among online slot machine players in a real online gambling site. A few studies have obtained data from real-world operators. For instance, Broda et al. (2008) examined the effects of player deposit limits on Internet sports betting from customers of bwin Interactive Entertainment. Overall, the study found that fewer than 1% of the players (0.3%) attempted to exceed their deposit limit. However, Wood and Griffiths (2010) argued that the large mandatory limit may have been the main reason for this finding as Broda et al. (2008) noted that the majority of online gamblers never reached the maximum deposit limit. Though not focusing on interactive messaging, Haefeli, Lischer, and Schwarz (2011) also used data from real-world operators. Their focus was on early warning signs for problem gambling and found out that, to some extent, self-exclusion can be predicted by using information about communication between the player and operator. Given the relatively small empirical base on the effectiveness of pop-up messages from real-world data, this study therefore investigated the effects of a slot machine pop-up message in a real gambling environment.
MethodThe authors were given access to a large anonymized dataset by a commercial gambling operator (i.e., win2day). win2day offers Austrian citizens a wide range of games, among them lottery, casino games, and poker, via the online casino and lottery portal of Österreichische Lotterien GmbH and Casinos Austria AG. During the registration process, it is a mandatory requirement that all players set time and cash-in limits. Furthermore, the weekly cash-in limit cannot exceed 800 Euros at any time during and after registration. Following registration, players can voluntarily lower their time and money limits at any time.
In 2011 win2day decided to enhance further their responsible gambling features and introduced pop-up messages (see Figure 1) that are triggered if customers play 1,000 consecutive games on slot machines during a single online gambling session. A gambling session at win2day is initiated when a player logs into their individual account and terminated if the player logs out or closes their web-browser. The pop-up informs players that they have just played 1,000 slot games within a single gambling session. The exact words on the pop-up are “You have now played 1,000 slot games. Do you want to continue? (YES/NO)”. The chosen threshold was the operator's decision and the authors did not have any influence on the operator's pre-set limit. The operator's reason for choosing a threshold of 1,000 slot games was based on the findings of previous studies (i.e., Ladouceur & Sévigny 2009; Schrans, Grace, & Schellink, 2004). Ladouceur and Sévigny (2009) reported that the most effective social responsibility feature was a 60-minute pop-up reminder, which resulted in a decrease in the length of time spent gambling among players. Schrans, Grace, and Schellink (2004) investigated the benefits of a 30-minute pop-up compared to a 60-minute pop-up on VLTs. Schrans et al. found that earlier exposure to pop-up messages during gambling did not influence either the likelihood of reading the message or the choice to stop playing instead of selecting “yes” to continue. A study by Schellink and Schrans (2002; cited in Monaghan, 2008), carried out for the Atlantic Lottery Corporation in Canada, demonstrated that the 60-minute pop-up message was associated among high risk players with a small reduction in session length and a decrease in expenditure.
Technically, it was easier for win2day to track the number of games played rather than the playing time. Given that a typical slot game lasts 3 to 4 seconds, a 1,000 slot games roughly corresponds to a playing time between 50 and 66 minutes. For that reason, win2day chose to display a pop-up message after the playing of 1,000 slot games. Following the message, the player can then decide whether to stop or to continue the session. The pop-up that appears in the centre of the screen (see Figure 1) reminds the player that 1,000 games have been played, and gives the player the option to continue or to stop gambling. The pop-up remains on the screen until the player has pressed “yes” or “no” as to whether he or she wants to continue gambling. If the player presses “yes,” the pop-up message immediately disappears. If the player presses “no,” the game window immediately closes. The size of the pop-up is approximately one-eighth that of the full screen.
To analyze the effect of the recently introduced pop-up message, the authors accessed two representative random samples of 400,000 sessions, one sample each for before and after the pop-up message was introduced. The total dataset consisted of 800,000 game sessions comprising between them approximately 200,000 gamblers. To investigate the effect of the pop-up message on slot machine playing behaviour within single playing sessions, a random sample of 400,000 playing sessions that took place before the introduction of the mandatory pop-up message was compared to 400,000 random sessions after the introduction of the message. It was hypothesized that the introduction of the pop-up message would lead to an increase in gamblers terminating their gambling session after 1000 consecutive plays.
Results
Results showed that approximately 1% of playing sessions before and after the introduction of the slot pop-up message exceeded 1,000 consecutive slot games within a single gambling session. Results also indicated that players who exceeded 1,000 consecutive plays did so twice (on mean average) during the analyzed time period. Therefore, such behaviour was relatively rare among the players of the win2day platform. Without information about the actual intensity of play among this group of gamblers, it can be reliably assumed that a threshold of 1,000 slot games identifies only the most highly involved gamblers.
Of the 400,000 sessions that were sampled before the slot pop-up message was introduced, it was found that 4,220 sessions contained at least 1,000 consecutive plays of the online slot machine. Only five sessions terminated at 1,000 slot games. Of the 400,000 sessions that were sampled following the introduction of the slot pop-up message, 4,205 sessions contained at least 1,000 consecutive plays of the online slot machine. Of these, 45 sessions terminated at 1,000 slot games. The sample was too large to conduct inferential statistics. Figure 2 shows the number of sessions ended by players between 990 and 1,010 consecutive slot machine games before and after the introduction of a pop-up warning message. This result clearly shows no differences except at the 1000th consecutive game when the pop-message was shown.
DiscussionTo date, relatively few studies have collected empirical data relating to the effectiveness of social responsibility tools. This study adds to the sparse empirical base both generally and, in relation to pop-up messaging, more specifically. Previous research has often comprised laboratory studies to investigate the effects of pop-up messages on behavioural and cognitive processes such as belief patterns or dissociative states. Although such work is valid and important, laboratory study samples are typically much smaller than other methods (e.g., surveys and behavioural tracking studies), and behavioural results in laboratory situations can be distorted by the non-ecological validity of artificial settings. Gainsbury and Blaszczynski (2011) concluded that both laboratory and field studies provide valuable contributions to the field, but also observe that caution should be taken in interpreting results. Where possible, they asserted that both methods should be used to verify conclusions. This real-world study, which utilized a real-world sample of 800,000 game sessions, provided much more ecologically-reliable behavioural information on the effectiveness of pop-up messaging while gambling, and is not subject to the recall bias effects of self-report methods.
It cannot be definitively concluded from this study that it was the pop-up message only that had an impact on gamblers stopping after 1000 consecutive plays of the slots game because we can only infer the number of gamblers who saw this message, and did not stop. However, the results obtained appear to show that the introduction of a mandatory pop-up message had an effect in stopping gambling behaviour among a small number of gamblers. More specifically, the results indicated that nine times more gamblers ceased their gambling session, following the viewing of a pop-up message after 1000 consecutive gambles on an online slot machine game, compared to those gamblers who had not viewed a pop-up message. Although the difference was relatively small, it is argued that it was most likely caused by, and was the direct result of, the displaying of a pop-up message after 1000 consecutive plays. The reason for this confidence was that the only peak of that magnitude occurred after the playing of 1,000 consecutive game following the introduction of the pop-up.
There are, of course, major limitations to the data collected. The researchers did not have access to any information about the samples (e.g., age, sex, income, ethnicity, levels of pathology) so it is not known if the two groups differed on any important variables. Another limitation to the study was that it was cross-sectional in design. As such, gamblers were not the same pre- and post- the intervention of the pop-up, and this fact may be a significant limitation for interpretation of the results. Notwithstanding these limitations, the data suggest that pop-up messages can influence a small number of gamblers to cease their playing session, and that pop-ups appear to be another potentially helpful social-responsibility tool in reducing excessive play within session.
References| Auer, M.. , & Griffiths, M. D. . ( 2013). Voluntary limit setting and player choice in most intense online gamblers An empirical study of gambling behaviour. Journal of Gambling Studies, 29, 647–640. |
| Broda, A.. , LaPlante, D. A.. , Nelson, S. E.. , LaBrie, R. A.. , Bosworth, L. B.. , & Shaffer, H. J. . ( 2008). Virtual harm reduction efforts for Internet gambling Effects of deposit limits on actual Internet sports gambling behavior. Harm Reduction Journal, 5, 27–36. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-5-27 |
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| Gallagher, T.. , Nicki, R.. , Otteson, A.. , & Elliott, H. . ( 2011). Effects of a video lottery terminal VLT banner on gambling A field study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 126–133. doi:10.1007/s11469-009-9259-4 |
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| Griffiths, M. D. . ( 1994). The role of cognitive bias and skill in fruit machine gambling. British Journal of Psychology, 85, 351–369. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02529.x |
| Griffiths, M. D. . ( 2012). Internet gambling, player protection and social responsibility. In Williams, R. , Wood, R. , & Parke, J. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Internet Gambling (pp. 227–249). London:Routledge. |
| Griffiths, M. D.. , Wood, R. T. A.. , & Parke, J. . ( 2009). Social responsibility tools in online gambling A survey of attitudes and behavior among Internet gamblers. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 12, 413–421. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2009.0062 |
| Griffiths, M. D.. , Wood, R. T. A.. , Parke, J.. , & Parke, A. . ( 2006). Dissociative states in problem gambling. In Allcock, C. (Ed.), Current Issues Related To Dissociation (pp. 27–37). Melbourne:Australian Gaming Council. |
| Haefeli, J.. , Lischer, S.. , & Schwarz, J. . ( 2011). Early detection items and responsible gambling features for online gambling. International Gambling Studies, 11, 273–288. doi: 10.1080/14459795.2011.604643 |
| Jacobs, D. F. . ( 1988). Evidence for a common dissociativelike reaction among addicts. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 4, 27–37. |
| Ladouceur, R.. , & Sévigny, S. . ( 2009). Electronic gambling machines Influence of a clock, a cash display, and a precommitment on gambling time. Journal of Gambling Issues, 23, 31–41. doi: 10.4309/jgi.2009.23.2 |
| Monaghan, S. M. . ( 2008). Review of popup messages on electronic gaming machines as a proposed responsible gambling strategy. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 6, 214–222. doi: 10.1007/s11469-007-9133-1 |
| Monaghan, S. M.. , Blaszczynski, A.. , & Nower, L. . ( 2009). Do warning signs on electronic gaming machines influence irrational cognitions? Psychological Reports, 105, 173–187. |
| Monaghan, S. M.. , & Blaszczynski, A. . ( 2010). Impact of mode of display and message content of responsible gaming signs for electronic gaming machines on regular gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26, 67–88. doi: 10.1007/s10899-009-9150-z |
| Stewart, M. J.. , & Wohl, M. J. A. . ( 2013). Popup messages, dissociation, and craving How monetary limit reminders facilitate adherence in a session of slot machine gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27, 268–273. doi: 10.1037/a0029882 |
| Schellink, T.. , & Schrans, T. . ( 2002) Atlantic Lottery Corporation Video Lottery Responsible Gaming Feature Research: Final Report. Halifax, NS. Focal Research Consultants. |
| Schrans, T.. , Grace, J.. , & Schellink, T. . ( 2004). 2003 Nova Scotia Video Lottery Responsible Gaming Features Evaluation: Final Report.Halifax, NS. Focal Research Consultants. |
| Wohl M., J.. , Christie, K. L.. , Matheson, K.. , & Anisman, H. . ( 2010). Animationbased education as a gambling prevention tool Correcting erroneous cognitions and reducing the frequency of exceeding limits among slots players. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26, 469–486. doi: 10.1007/s10899-009-9155-7 |
| Wohl, M. J.. , Gainsbury, S.. , Stewart, M. J.. , & Sztainert, T. . ( 2013). Facilitating responsible gambling The relative effectiveness of educationbased animation and monetary limit setting popup messages among electronic gaming machine players. Journal of Gambling Studies, 29, 703–717. doi: 10.1007/s10899-012-9340-y |
| Wood, R. T. A.. , & Griffiths, M. D. . ( 2010). Social responsibility in online gambling Voluntary limit setting. World Online Gambling Law Report, 9(11), 10–11. doi: 10.1007/s10899-012-9332-y |
| Figure 1: View of the “pop-up” message that appears after the playing of 1,000 consecutive games on slot machines |
| Figure 2: Number of sessions ended between 990 and 1,010 slot games before and after the introduction of a pop-up warning message |
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When Donald Trump doesn't win, he whines about the system being rigged against him. That's the message Hillary Clinton delivered during the third presidential debate last night in Las Vegas. And she backed up her argument with ample evidence.
'Every time Donald thinks things are not going in his direction, he claims whatever it is is rigged against him,' Hillary Clinton said. 'The FBI conducted a year-long investigation into my emails. They concluded there was no case. He said the FBI was rigged. He lost the Iowa caucus, he lost the Wisconsin primary - he said the Republican primary was rigged against him. Then Trump University gets sued for fraud and racketeering - he claims the court system and the federal judge is rigged against him. There was even a time when he didn't get an Emmy for his TV program three years in a row and he started tweeting that the Emmys were rigged. This is a mind-set. This is how Donald thinks. And it's funny, but it's also really troubling.'
But those examples are only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to Trump's conspiracy theories. Here's a full list of things that Trump says have been rigged against him.
1. The 2012 Election
The 2016 battle for the White House isn't the first time that Trump's claimed that a general election was rigged. Back in 2012, he called for a revolution when Barack Obama won re-election over Republican challenger Mitt Romney. And this is no exaggeration. He actually called for a march on Washington, D.C. to 'stop this travesty' from happening. So you should probably expect another call to arms this November if Clinton beats him.
Reminder: this is how Trump responded on election night 2012 to Romney's loss: 'revolution!' https://t.co/gOBOS7URpBpic.twitter.com/T1BM7ZQk8D
— Ryan Lizza (@RyanLizza) October 15, 2016
2. The Emmys (And The Oscars)
Donald Trump is probably the sorest loser in the history of the Emmy Awards. From 2012-2014, he took to Twitter to vent about The Apprentice getting snubbed by judges. According to him, the Emmys are all about politics instead of substance. Which is a ballsy claim coming from a guy whose show featured spats between Gary Busey and Meatloaf.
The Emmys are all politics, that's why, despite nominations, The Apprentice never won--even though it should have many times over.
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) September 24, 2012@ShawnGarrett I should have many Emmys for The Apprentice if the process were fair-in any event, it's not my day job. ,
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) April 30, 2013Trump has also taken a swipe at the Oscars.
Which is worse and which is more dishonest - the #Oscars or the Emmys?
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) March 3, 2014No doubt he's also miffed because he hasn't won the Nobel Prize for Economics in honor of his book, The Art of the Deal.
3. The Iowa Caucus
Donald Trump is many things - a billionaire, a business mogul, a reality TV star. But one thing he isn't is a gracious loser. When Texas Senator Ted Cruz beat him in the Republican Party's Iowa Caucus last February, he was quick to quick to call foul.
Ted Cruz didn't win Iowa, he stole it. That is why all of the polls were so wrong and why he got far more votes than anticipated. Bad!
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) February 3, 2016Even though he wasn't expected to win that caucus, Trump insisted that the vote wasn't handled properly. And he demanded a re-do.
Based on the fraud committed by Senator Ted Cruz during the Iowa Caucus, either a new election should take place or Cruz results nullified.
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) February 3, 2016He'll probably call for another do-over on November 9 if Clinton beats him in the election.
4. The Trump University Lawsuit
Trump doesn't always wait until he has lost before crying foul. At a campaign rally in Arkansas last February, he suggested that the judge overseeing a lawsuit against Trump University was biased against him.
'We have a very hostile judge because, to be honest with you, the judge should have thrown the case out on summary judgment but, because it was me and because there’s a hostility towards me by the judge – tremendous hostility – beyond belief – I believe he happens to be Spanish, which is fine – he’s Hispanic, which is fine, and we haven’t asked for recusal, which we may do, but we have a judge who’s very hostile.'
In other words, the trial is rigged against him because of Judge Gonzalo Curiel's race. Basically, Trump doesn't think he'll get a fair trial because of Trump's plans to build a massive wall and keep illegal immigrants from crossing the Mexican-American border.
5. The Wisconsin Primary
Image of state capitol building in Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Iowa wasn't the only time that Trump complained about unfairness during the fight for the Republican Party's presidential nomination. After a bad loss to Senator Cruz in the Wisconsin Primary last April, Trump said party insiders were pulling strings to keep him from winning.
“The bosses are trying to run it,” Trump told CNN. 'It’s a rigged party. The bosses want to pick whoever they want to pick.'
His solution? Let's drop the whole primary process and just give Trump the nomination.
“I’m leading in both votes and delegates. I’m leading by millions of votes. I’m leading by hundreds of delegates. What’s the purpose of going through the primary?”
Yes, democracy just gets in the way sometimes.
6. The Republican Party
Supporters holding campaign signs for a Presidential Candidate from Republican Party Donald Trump at a rally , (Olya Steckel / Shutterstock.com)
President Trump Slot Machine
After winning the Republican Party's presidential nomination, Trump stunned critics by doubling down on his claim that the GOP was rigged against him. But he didn't care about fixing the system because he won.
'You've been hearing me say it's a rigged system, but now I don't say it anymore because I won. It's true. Now I don't care. I don't care,' Tump said at a rally in West Virginia last May. 'And the only way I won was I won by such big margins because it is a rigged system. But the only way you can do it, it's like a boxer, you got to knock them out then you don't got to worry about the judges. But it's true.'
So he's just as much of a sore winner as a sore loser.
7. The FBI
When the FBI decided not to press charges against Hillary Clinton following her email scandal, Trump alleged that the country's domestic intelligence and security system was rigged in favor of Clinton.
FBI director said Crooked Hillary compromised our national security. No charges. Wow! #RiggedSystem
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) July 5, 2016Since making that claim, he has vowed to appoint a special prosecutor to charge Clinton and perhaps put her in jail over her deleted emails. To date, no presidential candidate in American history has jailed an opponent as Trump threatens to do.
8. Google
Trump Message On Faulty Slot Machines For Sale
Google is in Hillary Clinton's back pocket, according to Trump. After the first presidential debate last September, Trump rallied supporters by telling them that he had won the verbal battle with Clinton even though the deck was stacked against him.
“The Google poll has us leading by two points nationwide, and that’s despite the fact that Google search engine was suppressing the bad news about Hillary Clinton,” he said.
Trump was referring to the debunked conspiracy theory that Google's search engine was calibrated to hide negative stories about Clinton.
9. Polls
(J. Bicking/Shutterstock)
Less than a month after using the polls to claim victory in the first presidential debate, Trump claimed that the polls were rigged against him. And they're just one part of a larger conspiracy against his candidacy for president, he added.
'Even the polls are crooked. Look, we're in a rigged system.'
10. The Election
And the poll story brings us to the bigger picture. Trump's most outlandish claim yet is that the election itself is rigged against him.
Including collusion between the media and Hillary Clinton.
The election is absolutely being rigged by the dishonest and distorted media pushing Crooked Hillary - but also at many polling places - SAD
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) October 16, 2016Trump Slot Machine
And wide-scale voter fraud.
Of course there is large scale voter fraud happening on and before election day. Why do Republican leaders deny what is going on? So naive!
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) October 17, 2016But the most unsettling thing is that Trump might use this conspiracy theory to refuse conceding the election if he loses in November. When Chris Wallace - moderator of the third presidential debate - asked Trump if he would conceded, The Donald refused to give a straight answer.
Trump Message On Faulty Slot Machines Dispense
'I will look at it at the time,' he said. 'I will keep you in suspense.'
The response could lead to a major crisis for American democracy.
'The comments at the Las Vegas showdown marked a stunning moment that has never been seen in the weeks before a modern presidential election,' Stephen Collinson of CNN wrote. '[Trump's] stance threatens to cast doubt on one of the fundamental principles of American politics -- the peaceful, undisputed transfer of power from one president to a successor who is recognized as legitimate after winning an election.'
So the lowest point in the 2016 election - which is already being called the most negative in American history - may be yet to come.
h/t Quartz, People.